All male ( n = 106) and female ( n = 25) mice were housed (4–6 weeks) in single-sex groups of five or six animals except for 15 min required for testing the maximum aerobic performance. We obtained 8–10-week-old inbred BALB/c mice from the stock of the Institute of Clinical Immunology (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia). Influenza does not occur in feral populations Mus musculus due to high virulence and low contagiousness –. Some human-derived strains of influenza viruses replicated efficiently in the mouse lungs without prior host adaptation –. We used mouse-adapted influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1). In these groups of mice, we assessed leukocyte recruitment into upper airways by histological examination of lung tissue, estimated the resistance of to influenza virus as an example of respiratory infection, and measured MOC in as an indicator of aerobic performance. įor testing both predictions, we studied male mice kept either with or without female odors. One of the best approaches for assessment of the cardiopulmonary efficiency (aerobic performance) is based on measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) as an indicator of physical fitness in humans and mice –. This can lead to reduction of the capability to mobilize energy in response to social and climatic challenges. On the other hand, migration of the inflammatory cells into the alveolar air space can influence pulmonary capacity, which declines during an inflammation due to lung edema –. The scent-induced leukocyte recruitment provides an anticipatory adaptation to infection risks. Since immunocompetent cells are the major effectors of the protective inflammatory response to respiratory infections, , we can expect both positive and negative consequences of the exposure to female chemical signals. This is a natural sexual signal compared with the males kept in isolation from female odors. Recently, we have found that counts of macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) are significantly higher in male mice given a daily portion of soiled bedding from female cages. In particular, the recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes to the alveolar air space limits viral and bacterial interventions. The most significant systems involved in the defense against respiratory infections are epithelia, mucosa, and mucosa-associated leukocytes, which not only provide a passive barrier function, but also actively contribute to the innate immune system response –. Naso-nasal sniffing when the partner is located adds an infection risk from air-borne bacteria and viruses. In turn, searching behavior increases the risk of respiratory infections in male mice due to sniffing the contaminated female fecal and urinary marks, which harbor many infection agents –. The scent of female mice as a signal for reproduction stimulates male mice to search for a breeding partner –. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This project was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research N 08-04-00406a ( and Program of Interdisciplinary Studies of Siberian Branch of RAS N 15, 94 ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: SeptemAccepted: FebruPublished: March 1, 2010Ĭopyright: © 2010 Litvinova et al. PLoS ONE 5(3):Įditor: Peter Sommer, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea Magnet Link Size.Citation: Litvinova EA, Goncharova EP, Zaydman AM, Zenkova MA, Moshkin MP (2010) Female Scent Signals Enhance the Resistance of Male Mice to Influenza. Siberian Mouse.7z 19.25 GB Siberian Mouse. About 508 results (0.07 seconds) siberian mouse 2. Siberian+mouse search result, Torrent Magnet. Siberian Mouse Torrent Tonya 1st Studio Siberian Mouse Torrent Siberian Mouse Torrent. 1st Studio Siberian Mouse Custom MSH 45 avi torrent. 1st Studio Siberian Mouse S M 41 Masha Babko Foto Siberian Mouses. Of Video hd masha babko hard slideshow 46218 1st. 1st studio siberian mouse masha and veronika babko hard slideshow. Waizan Febru1st Studio Siberian Mouse Masha And Veronika Babko Hard Slideshow Av waizan. 1 st Studio VasilisaNK 008 Masha and Veronika. Mouses, siberian mouse forum, siberian mouse torrent, 1st studio. Related Torrents 1st Studio - Siberian Mouse - HD95 (Mod-MSH-04).avi 406.85MB 1St Studio Siberian Mouse Hd 124 (Msh-10) - Masha Babko.avi 348.37MB 1st-Studio Siberian Mouse HD93 (MSH-02).wmv 576.84MB.
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